CD-Writing HOWTO §@ªÌ¡GWinfried Trümper ĶªÌ¡G¶À´I±j v2.4.1, 16 December 1997 _________________________________________________________________ ³o¤@¥÷¤å¥ó³B²z¦b LINUX ùؼg CDs ªº¨Æ¨à¡E _________________________________________________________________ 1. ²¤¶ * 1.1 ª©¥»Án©ú ( ³o¬q¤£Ä¶ ) * 1.2 Suggested readings * 1.3 ¦Wµü¸ÑÄÀ ( ³o¬q¤£Ä¶ ) * 1.4 ¤ä´©ªº¥úºÐ¿N¿ý¾¹ * 1.5 ¤ä´©ªº¯S©Ê * 1.6 ³q°T½×¾Â * 1.7 ¥i±o©Ê 2. ³]©w§Aªº Linux ¨t²Î¨Ó¿N¿ý¥úºÐ * 2.1 ³]©w Linux ®Ö¤ß * 2.2 µwÅé©M devicefiles * 2.3 ¨ú±o³nÅé¨Ó¿N¿ý¥úºÐ 3. ¿N¿ý¥úºÐ * 3.1 ¿N¿ý¥úºÐ¤ù (¯Â¸ê®Æ) * 3.2 ¿N¿ý­µ¼Ö¥úºÐ * 3.3 ²V¦X¦¡¥úºÐ 4. ±`°Ý°ÝÃD¤Îµª®× * 4.1 "¿N¿ýµ{§Ç¦³¦h±Ó·P" * 4.2 "fragmentation ·|§_¼vÅT¿é¥X©O¡H" * 4.3 "¬O§_¥i¥H±N¥úºÐ¼v¹³ÀÉÀx¦s¦b UMSDOS Àɮרt²Î¤¤©O¡H " * 4.4 "¦³µL¤èªk¥i¥H§JªA iso9660 ªº­­¨î¡H" * 4.5 "«ç¼ËŪ¨ú¤Î¼g¤J­µ¼Ö¥úºÐ¡H" * 4.6 "±Ò°Ê¨t²Î«á«ç¼Ë§ä´MSCSI-devices?" * 4.7 "¥i¥H¶i¦æ¤@¹ï¤@ªº¥úºÐ½Æ»s¡H" * 4.8 "Linux ¥i¤£¥i¥HŪ¨ú Joliet ¥úºÐ¡H" * 4.9 "«ç¼Ë¥Î¥i¼g¥úºÐ¾÷Ū¨ú¥úºÐ¡H" * 4.10 "«ç¼Ë©ñ¦h¨Ç¸ê®Æ¨ì¥úºÐ¤¤¡H" * 4.11 "How to make bootable CD-ROMs?" * 4.12 "How to make CD-ROMs writable somehow?" * 4.13 "Is it possible to use several writers at once?" * 4.14 "Which media is the best?" 5. °ÝÃD¸Ñ¨M * 5.1 ¦b Linux ¤U¤£¦æ * 5.2 Error-message: No read access for 'dev=2,0'. * 5.3 ¥¦¤£¯à¦b DOS ¤@¨Ï¥Î * 5.4 ¿N¿ý¹Lµ{¤¤¦³ SCSI ¿ù»~ 6. ¶ãÁ (³o¬q¤£Ä¶) _________________________________________________________________ 1. ²¤¶ ²{¦b¦³«Ü¦h¤H¨Ï¥Î Linux ¨Ó¿N¿ý¥úºÐ¬O¦]¬°¥¦¤ñ¸ûí©w©M®e©ö¡C¨S¦³ÂŦâµe­± ©M¨S¦³§ä¥X³nµwÅé²Õ¦Xªº§xÃø¡C¥u­n§A¤@¥¹¥¿½T³]©w¦n¤§«á´N¯à¨Ï¥Î¡C³o¥÷ CD-Writing HOWTO¸ÑÄÀ¤F«ç¼Ë³]©w¡A«ç¼Ë±N¸ê®Æ©ñ¤W¥úºÐ¤W¥H¤Î¤¶²Ð¤@¨Ç¦³½ìªº µ{¦¡¡C 1.1 ª©¥»Án©ú ( ³o¬q¤£Ä¶ ) Copyright Winfried Trümper 1996,1997,1998,1999. All rights reserved. Redistribution and use, with or without modification, are permitted provided that the name of the author may not be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software without specific prior written permission. The author disclaims all warranties with regard to this document, including all implied warranties of merchantability and fitness for a certain purpose; in no event shall the author be liable for any special, indirect or consequential damages or any damages whatsoever resulting from loss of use, data or profits, whether in an action of contract, negligence or other tortious action, arising out of or in connection with the use of this document. Short: read and use at your own risk. 1.2 Suggested readings ³oºô§} [1]CD-R FAQ ùئ³¤@¯ëªº FAQ Ãö©óªÅ¥Õ¥úºÐ¡A¥úºÐ¿N¿ý¾¹©M¿N¿ý¥úºÐ©Ò »Ýªº³n ¥ó¡C ­n¥O§Aªº¥úºÐ¯à°÷Ū¨ú¥úºÐ¡A§A°_½X­n¬Ý Linux CD-ROM HOWTO Linux SCSI HOWTO ©M Linux Kernel HOWTO. 1.3 ¦Wµü¸ÑÄÀ ( ³o¬q¤£Ä¶ ) CD-ROM stands for Compact Disc Read Only Memory, a storage medium utilizing an optical laser to sense microscopic pits on a silver shimmering disk. The silver shimmering comes from an aluminized layer which is the carrier. The pits represent the bits of the information (in some way) and are so petite that some billions of them fit on the disc. Thus a CD is a mass-storage medium. The term CD-R is a short form of CD-ROM recordable and refers to a CD that doesn't have those "microscopic pits" on it's surface. Thus it's empty. Instead of the silver aluminium layer a CD-R has a special film (colored) into which "microscopic pits" can be burned in. This is done by giving the laser which normally only senses the pits a little bit more power so he burns the pits. This action can only be taken once on a CD-R, although you can leave out some areas for later writing, creating a so called multi-session CD. The CD-ROM rewritable (short: CD-RW) was developed to come around the limitation of CD-R media. Here the laser can not even burn pits into the media, but it can also melt the media back into it's original state. This is possible, because the laser does not really burn holes into the media - you do not see a puff of smoke while burning and no voice from above tells you "target destroyed". What the laser really does is to trigger a phase change, thus the name "phase change devices" for CD-RW-writers. An example for a very similar technique used in daily life is the cleaning car in an ice-hockey stadion: during the pauses of the game, the car drives over the ice and fills the scratches in the ice (-> bits containing some sort of information about the game... hehehe) with melted splinter. This HOWTO deals with the task of writing CD-Rs and CD-RWs. Welcome on board, captain. 1.4 ¤ä´©ªº¥úºÐ¿N¿ý¾¹ §A¥i¥H¦b³oùرo¨ì¤@­Ó¸ÔºÉ¥i¥Î¤Î¤£¥i¥Î¦b¦U unix §@·~¨t²Îªº«¬¸¹¦Cªí [2] http://www.guug.de:8080/cgi-bin/winni/lsc.pl. ¥H¤U¬O¤@­Ó¯à°÷¦b cdrecord ¤U¨Ï¥Îªº«¬¸¹¼¼¼g¦Cªí¡G Acer: CDRW 6206A BTC: BCE 621E (IDE) Compro: CW-7502, CW-7502B Dysan: CRW-1622 Elite: Elite b444.41 Grundig: CDR 100 IPW Guillemot: Maxi CD-R 4X/8X HP: SureStore 4020i, SureStore 6020i, C4324, C4325 CD-Writer+ 7100, CD-Writer+ 7200i, CD-Writer+ 8100i, CD-Writer+ 8110i, Hi-Val: CDD-3610 JVC: XR-W2001, XR-W2010, XR-W2042, R-2626 Kodak: PCD 200, PCD 225, PCD 260, PCD 600 Matsushita: CW-7502 Memorex: CRW-620, CRW-1622 Microboards: PlayWrite 2000, PlayWrite 4000RW, PlayWrite 4001RW MicroNet: MasterCD Plus 4x4, MasterCD Plus 4x6 Mitsubishi: CDRW-226 Mitsumi: CR-2401-TS, CR-2600 TE, CR-2801 TE, CR-4801 TE Nomai: 680.RW OTI: CDRW 965 Olympus: CDS 615E, CDS 620E Optima: DisKovery 650 CD-R OTI: CDRW 965 Panasonic: CW-7502, CW-7582 Philips: CDD-521/10, CDD-522 CDD-2000, CDD-2600, CDD-3600, CDD-3610 Omniwriter 26, Omniwriter 26A Plasmon: CDR 480, CDR 4220, RF-4100, RF-4102, CDR 4400 Plextor: CDR PX-24 CS, PX-412 C, PX-R412 C PX-R810Ti, PleXwriter 412C Procom: PCDR 4 Ricoh: RO-1420C+, MP 1420C, MP 6200S, MP 6201S Sanyo: CRD-R24S Smart and Friendly: CD-RW226, CD-R1002, CD-R1002/PRO, CD-R1004, CD-R2004, CD-R2006 PLUS, CD-R2006 PRO, CD-R4000, CD-R4006, CD-R4012 Sony: CDU 920S, CDU 924, CDU 926S, CDU-928E, CDU 948S, CDRX 100E Taiyo Yuden: EW-50 TEAC: CD-R50S, CD-R55S, CDR-55S Traxdata: CRW 2260, CDR 4120, CDRW 4260, Turtle Beach: 2040R WPI (Wearnes): CDRW-622, CDR-632P YAMAHA: CDR-100, CDR 102, CDR-200, CDR-200t, CDR-200tx CDR-400, CDR-400c, CDR-400t, CDR-400tx, CDR-400Atx CRW-2260, CRW-2260t, CRW-4250tx, CRW-4260 t, CRW-4260 tx, CRW-4261, CRW-4416 S Table 1: CD-writers supported under Linux ¦pªG§Aªºµw¥ó¤£³Q¤ä´©ªº¸Ü¡A§A¤´µM¥i¥H¥Î Linux ¨Ó«Ø¥ß¥úºÐ¼v¹³Àɤ£¹L§A»Ý ­n¥Î DOS ªº³n¥ó¨Ó±N³o­Ó¥úºÐ¼v¹³ÀÉ¿N¿ý¦Ü CD-R ¡E 1.5 ¤ä´©ªº¯S©Ê ²{¦b¦³¨âÃþªº¤u¨ã¥Î§@¿N¿ý CD-Rs ¡GµwÅéÅX°Êµ{¦¡©M¸ê®Æ®æ¦¡¤Æ¡CµwÅéÅX°Êµ{ ¦¡¤ä´©¥H¤Uªº¥\¯à¡G Supported Feature cdwrite-2.1 cdrecord-1.6 ------------------------------------------------ IDE/ATAPI no yes Parallel Port no yes CD-RW no yes Multisession only partial yes Table 2: cdwrite ¬O¤@­Óªº³n¥ó¡A¦b³oùØ´£¥X¥u¤£¹L¬O¬°¤F§¹¾ã¦Ó¤w¡C½Ð¨Ï¥Î cdrecord ¨Ó¥N´À¡A¦]¬°¥¦¯à¤ä´©¸û¦hªº¥úºÐ¿N¿ý¾¹©M¥¦¦³¸û¦hªº¥\¯à¡C¸ê®Æ®æ ¦¡¤Æªº¥Øªº¬O­n²Õ´¥úºÐ¤Wªº¸ê®Æ ( ©ñ¤@­ÓÀɮרt²Î¦b¥úºÐ¤W ) Feature mkisofs mkhybrid -------------------------------------------- ISO 9660 yes yes RockRidge yes yes El Torito yes yes HFS no yes Joliet no yes Table 3: ISO 9660 Àɮרt²Î©M Extended-2 Àɮרt²Îªº³Ì¤j¤À§O¦b©ó¡A¤@¥¹§A±N¸ê®Æ¼g ¤J¥úºÐ¤º´N¤£¯à§@­×§ï¡CISO 9660 Àɮרt²Îªº­­¨î¦³¥H¤U´X­Ó¡G * ¥Ø¿ý¾ð¥u¯à¦³ 8 ­Ó¤l¥Ø¿ý (¥Ñ¥úºÐªº®Ú¥Ø¿ý¶}©lºâ°_) (¥Î RockRidge ´N ¥i¥H¬ð¯}³o­Ó­­¨î) * ÀɦW³Ìªø¥u¯à¦³ 32 ­Ó¦r¤¸ * 650 MB ®e¶q RockRidge ¬O¤@­Ó¯à¥O ISO-9660 Àɮרt²Î¤ä´©ªøÀɦW¤Î¸û²`¼h¥Ø¿ýµ²ºcªº©µ¦ù ¡C·í§A¦b DOS ©Î Windows ©³¤UŪ¨ú¥úºÐ®É³o¨Ç©µ¦ù³£¬O¤£¥i¥Îªº¡C El Torito ¬O¤@­Ó¯à°÷¿N¿ý¶}¾÷¥úºÐªº©µ¦ù¡C§Aªº­Ó¤H¹q¸£ °ò¥»¿é¤J/¿é¥X¨t²Î ¤]¥²¶·¤ä´©³o­Ó¯S©Ê¡C²Ê²¤¦a»¡¡A¥úºÐ°ßŪ°O ¾ÐÅé¶}©lªº 1.44 Mbyte §t¦³¥Ñ §A¨Ñµ¹ªº³nºÏ¤ùºÏ½L¼v¹³¡C°ò¥»¿é ¤J/¿é¥X¨t²Î·|§â³o­Ó¼v¹³·í§@³nºÏ¤ù¯ë±Ò°Ê ¥¦¡C HFS ¯àÅý macintosh Ū¨ú¥úºÐ¤ºªº¸ê®Æ¡A¦pªG¥úºÐ¤ºªº¸ê®Æ ¬O HFS Àɮרt²Î ªº¸Ü¡E( ³o¬O MacOS ªº­ì¥ÍÀɮרt²Î )¡C Joliet §âªøÀɦW±a¨ì Windows ªº·sª©¥»¤¤ (95, 98, NT)¡E¾Ú§@ ªÌ©Òª¾¡A¼È®É ¨S¦³¤@ºØ¤u¨ã¯à°÷¥O DOS ¤Î Windows 3.11 ¤ä´©ªøÀÉ ¦W¡C ³¡¤À 2.8 §â´£¨ìªº³nÅé³£¤@¤@¦C¥X¡C 1.6 ³q°T½×¾Â ¦pªG§A·Q°Ñ¥[¶}µo¹Î¶¤ (¦³¤@­Ó¥D°Ê À°§U ¥L­Ìªº¤ß), ¹q¶l¦Ü cdwrite-request@other.debian.org ©M¦b¹q¶l¤º®e¼g¤W subscribe¡C 1.7 ¥i±o©Ê ³o¥÷¤å¥óªº³Ì·sª©¥»¥i¸g±`¦b³oùØÀò±o [3]http://www.guug.de/~winni/linux/ . 2. ³]©w§Aªº Linux ¨t²Î¨Ó¿N¿ý¥úºÐ ¦pªG§A¦¨¥\³]©w§AªºµwÅé©M§A Linux ¨t²Îªº¨ä¾l³¡¥÷¡A ©R¥O cdrecord - scanbus ·|µ¹§A¬Ý¨ì¤@­Ó¥i¼g¤J¸Ë¸mªº¦Cªí¡C ³o­Ó ³¹¸`ªº¥Øªº¬O­n¦b³]©w§Aªº Linux ¨t²Î®É¾É¤Þ§A¡A¦]¦¹³Ì«á§A·|¬Ý¨ì ¦p¤Uªº°T®§¡G shell> cdrecord -scanbus Cdrecord release 1.7a1 Copyright (C) 1995-1998 Jörg Schilling scsibus0: 0) 'Quantum ' 'XP34300 ' 'F76D' Disk 1) 'SEAGATE ' 'ST11200N ' '8334' Disk 2) * 3) 'TOSHIBA ' 'MK537FB/ ' '6258' Disk 4) 'WANGTEK ' '5150ES SCSI-36 ' 'ESB6' Removable Tape 5) 'EXABYTE ' 'EXB-8500-85QUE ' '0428' Removable Tape 6) 'TOSHIBA ' 'XM-3401TASUNSLCD' '3593' Removable CD-ROM 7) * scsibus1: 100) 'Quantum ' 'XP31070W ' 'L912' Disk 101) * 102) * 103) 'TEAC ' 'CD-R55S ' '1.0H' Removable CD-ROM 104) 'MATSHITA' 'CD-R CW-7502 ' '4.02' Removable CD-ROM 105) * 106) 'YAMAHA ' 'CDR400t ' '1.0d' Removable CD-ROM 107) * Listing 1: Detecting devices on your SCSI-bus ³o­Ó¨Ò¤l¬O¥Ñ Jörg Schilling ÔV¨Ñªº¡A§A²{¦b·|¬Ý¨ì¤@¦@¦³¥|­Ó¥i¿N ¿ý¾¹¡C ÁöµM§A²{¦b¬O¤£¯à¤À§O¨º¤@­Ó¥úºÐ¾÷¬O§_¬°¤@­Ó¥i¼g¤J¥úºÐ ¾÷¡A¤£¹L§A¥i¥H¦b ²£«~ªºÃѧO¸¹¤¤¬Ý¥X¥¦¬O¤@­Ó°ßŪ¡B¥i¼g©Î¬O¥i ­«¼g¥úºÐ¾÷¡C 2.1 ³]©w Linux ®Ö¤ß ¤@­Ó Linux ®Ö¤ß¥i¥H¥]§t«Ü¦hÅX°Êµ{¦¡©M¥\¯à¡C§A¥i¥H±N¨º¨ÇÅX°Êµ{¦¡ ½sĶ¶i ®Ö¤ß¼v¹³¤¤©ÎªÌ§A¥i¥H±N¥¦­Ì½sĶ¦¨¼Ò²Õ¡AµM«á«Ý¦³»Ý­nªº®É­Ô ¤~±N¥¦­Ì¸ü¤J ®Ö¤ß¤¤¡C¦Ó«Øijªº¤èªk¬O±N¥²¤£¥i¤ÖªºÅX°Êµ{¦¡½sĶ¶i®Ö ¤ß¡CÁ|¨Ò¡A¦pªG§A¦³ ¤@­Ó IDE ªº Harddisk¡A¨º§A¤@©w±NIDE Harddisk ªºÅX°Êµ{¦¡½sĶ¶i®Ö¤ß¤¤ ( ¤£­n½sĶ¦¨¼Ò²Õ )¡C ²{¦s¦³¤TÃþªº¥úºÐ¿N¿ý¾¹¡GSCSI¡AIDE/ATAPI ©M¥~¸m¥­¦æ°ð¡Cªí®æ¥|®i¥Ü¥X «ç ¼Ë³]©w Linux ªº®Ö¤ß¨Ó¤ä´©³o´XºØ¥úºÐ¿N¿ý¾¹¡Cªí®æªº²Ä¤@¦C¬O³]©w¿ï³æ ¡A§A ¥i¥H¦b³o¼Ë§ä¨ì¦³Ãöªº³]©w¡Cªí®æªº²Ä¤G¦C¬O¥\¯à»¡©ú¡Cªí®æªº²Ä¤T¦C¬O ¼Ò²Õ ¦WºÙ¡C Y ¥Nªí¬O©M·N¨ýµÛ§AÀ³¸Ó§â³o­Ó©ÇÃ~©ñ¤J®Ö¤ß¡CM ¥Nªí¼Ò²Õ©M·N¨ýµÛ§AÀ³¸Ó§â¥¦ ½sĶ¦¨¼Ò²Õ¡C Y/M ¥Nªí§A¥i¥H¦b¨âªÌ¤§¶¡¥ô¾Ü¨ä¤@¡CªÅªº³]©w´N¤d¸U¤£­n§ï°Ê ¡A ¤£§ï°Ê¥¦¥i¥H¥O§A¯à¦¨¥\½sĶ®Ö¤ßªº¾÷·|¼W¥[¡C ­nÀˬd¨º¨ÇÅX°Êµ{¦¡¦b§Aªº®Ö¤ß¤¤ ( ¤£½×¬OÀRºA©Î°ÊºA¸ü¤Jªº )¡A§A¥i¥H¬Ý³o ­Ó ÀÉ®× /dev/devices ¡C­nÀˬd¨º¨Ç¼Ò²Õ¤w¸ü¤J¡A§A¥i¥H¥Î 'lsmod'¡C­nÀˬd ¦³¨º¨Ç ¼Ò ¥i¥H ¸ü¤Jªº¸Ü¡AÁä¤J'modprobe -l'¡C¦pªG§A»Ý­nªº¼Ò²Õ¤£¦b§Aªº ¨t²Îªº¸Ü¡A§A´N­n­«·s½sĶ®Ö¤ß¤Î¦w¸Ë¥¦¡C§A¥i¥H°Ñ¦Ò Kernel-HOWTO ¨ÓÀ°§U§A ­« ·s½sĶ®Ö¤ß¡C¦³Ãö«ç¼Ë³B²z®Ö¤ß¼Ò²Õªº³Ì·s¸ê°T¡A¥i¥H°Ñ¦Ò Module-HOWTO¡C Sect. Description Module SCSI IDE PP ------------------------------------------------------------ BLOCK Enhanced IDE/MFM/RLL... Y BLOCK IDE/ATAPI CDROM ide-cd M/N/Y BLOCK SCSI hostadaptor emulation ide-scsi M BLOCK Loopback device loop M M M PARIDE Parallel port IDE device paride Y/M PARIDE Parallel port ATAPI CD-ROMs M PARIDE Parallel port generic ATAPI M PARIDE (select a low-level driver) Y SCSI SCSI support scsi_mod Y/M Y/M SCSI SCSI CD-ROM support sr_mod Y/M Y/M SCSI Enable vendor-specific Y Y SCSI SCSI generic support sg Y/M Y/M SCSI (select a low-level driver) Y FS ISO 9660 CDROM filesystem iso9660 Y Y Y FS Microsoft Joliet cdrom... joliet M M M Table 4: ¦p§x§A¦¨¥\«Ø¥ß©Î§ä¨ì©Ò»Ýªº¼Ò²Õ¤§«á¡A§A¥i±N¥¦­Ìªº¦WºÙ¥[¤J /etc/modules ©Î ¥Ñ¦Û°Ê¤u¨ã¨Ó¸ü¤J¥¦­Ì (kmod,kerneld)¡C¦pªG§A¤£ªÖ©wªº¸Ü¡A½Ð°Ñ¦Ò Linux ®M¥ó ¤¤ªº»¡©úÀÉ¡C "SCSI hostadaptor emulation" ³o­Ó¥\¯à¦b¤§«eªºª©¥»¬O¥s°µ "SCSI emulation" ( ¤j·§¬O 2.0.36 )¡C¦p§x§A¥´¶}³o­Ó¿ï¶µ¡A§A´N­n±NIDE/ATAPI ¥ú ºÐªºÅX°Êµ{¦¡ ½sĶ¦¨¼Ò²Õ¡C­n¤£µM§A´N­n±N¥¦¨ú®ø©M¨Ï¥Î SCSI ªº¥úºÐÅX°Êµ{ ¦¡¡C¦]¬° 2.2 ¨t¦C ªº®Ö¤ß¤w¤£¯à¦P®É¨Ï¥Î IDE ©M SCSI ªºÅX°Êµ{¦¡¦b¦P¤@­Ó µwÅé¤W ( ¦p§x§A¬O¨Ï¥Î 2.0.36 ®Ö¤ßªº¸Ü¡A½Ð¬Ý¥H¤Uªº»¡©ú )¡C Loopback device ¬O¤@­Ó¿ï¾Ü©Êªº¥\¯à¡A¥¦¯àÀ°§A¦b¿N¿ý¼v¹³¤§«e´ú¸Õ¤@¤U§Aªº ¼v¹³ÀÉ¡C ¦pªG§A­nŪ¨ú¥úºÐ¡A¨º§A´N»Ý­n ISO 9660 Àɮרt²Îªº¤ä´©¡C³o­ÓÅX°Êµ{¦¡¤w¦Û °Ê¥]§tRockRidge ©µ¦ù¡C¦pªG§A»Ý­nMS Joliet ¥úºÐ©µ¦ù¡A§A«K»Ý­n½sĶ¥¦¬°¼Ò ²ÕµM«á¸ü¤J¥¦¡C ¦b¥ô¦óªº±¡ªp¤U§A³£»Ý­n¤@­Ó§C¶¥ªºÅX°Êµ{¦¡¡C§C¶¥¬O«ü¨º­ÓÅX°Êµ{¦¡·|ª½±µ»P µw Åé·¾³q¡C¦Ü©ó SCSI ©M¥­¦æ°ð¡A¦³«Ü¦h§C¶¥ªºÅX°Êµ{¦¡¥i¥Î¡A½Ð¬Ý¥H¤Uªº»¡ ©ú¡C µ¹ 2.2 ¨t²Îªº¯S§O´£¥Ü ¦b®Ö¤ßª©¥» 2.2.1 ¤¤¡A¤£­n¦P®É¥´¶}CONFIG_SCSI_MULTI_LUN ©Mide-scsi support ³o¨â­Ó¿ï¶µ¡A¦]¬° ide-scsi ¦³ÂΦӦܤ£¯à³o¼Ë°µ¡CµL½×¦p¦ó¡A³£«Øij ¤j®a³£§â®Ö¤ß ¤É¯Å¬° 2.2.5 ¡C ¤@¨Ç¥Î¤á³ø§i»¡¤w½sĶ¦nªº cdrecord ©M 2.2 ®Ö¤ß¦³½Ä¬ð¡C³o¬O Linux ®Ö¤ßªº °ÝÃD¡C¸Ñ¨Mªº¤èªk¦p¤U¡G * §A¦A¦¸½sĶ cdrecord ¥H¥O¥¦¾AÀ³¦b linux/include/scsi/sg.h ùتº¯u¥¿ ¼Æ­È«á¡A°ÝÃD´N¥i¯à¸Ñ¨M¤F¡C ¦]¬° sg ¨Ï¥ÎªÌ¤¶­±¬O°×ªº¡A©Ò¥H¨º¨Ç¼Æ­È ¤@©w­n©M®Ö¤ß¤¤ªº¼Æ­È¤@¼Ë¤~¦æ¡C * ³o¥ç¥i¯à¥Ñ©ó sg ÅX°Êµ{¦¡¤£¯à¨ú±o¨¬°÷ªº°O¾ÐÅé¨Óµ¹ DMA¡CJörg Schillings FTP-site : [4] ftp://ftp.fokus.gmd.de/pub/unix/cdrecord/alpha/ §ä¨ú sg_buffer patch ¨Ó¸Ñ¨M³o­Ó°ÝÃD¡C µ¹ 2.0 ¨t¦Cªº¯S§O´£¥Ü ¦b®Ö¤ß 2.0.31 ¥H«e¬O¦³«Ü¦hÂΤަܤ£¯àŪ¨ú¥úºÐ¤¤³Ì«á¤@­ÓÀɮסC½Ð¤É¯Å¨ì®Ö ¤ß 2.0.36¡C ¹ï©ó 2.0.36 ©Î¥H¤Wªºª©¥»¡A§A¥i¥H¿ï¾Ü¨ººØÅX°Êµ{¦¡(IDE or SCSI) ¦b¨º­Ó ATAPI-device¤W¨Ï¥Î¡C§óºë½T¦a»¡¡A§A¥i¥H¥[¤J"SCSI emulation" ³o­Ó¥\¯à¨ì §Aªº®Ö¤ß¤¤©M§A¥i¥H¦b®Ö¤ß©R¥O¦C¤¤µ¹¯S©wªº device ±Ò°Ê¼ÒÀÀ ( ¦b¨t²Î±Ò°Ê «e©Î±Ò°Ê¤¤ )¡CÁ|¨Ò¡A¦pªG§Aªº¥úºÐ¿N¿ý¾¹¦³³o­Ó devicefile /dev/hdb¡A³o¼Ë ¥[¤J¥H¤Uªº¥y¤l hdb=ide-scsi¡C image=/boot/zImage-2.0.36 label=Linux read-only append="hdb=ide-scsi" Listing 2: Example configuration for lilo (/etc/lilo.conf) linux "Linux 2.0.36" { image=/boot/zImage-2.0.36 cmdline= root=/dev/hda5 readonly hdb=ide-scsi } Listing 3: Example configuration for chos (/etc/chos.conf) 2.2 µwÅé©M devicefiles ¦b§A¦w¸Ë©Ò¦³¥²»ÝªºÅX°Êµ{¦¡¥H«á, ­«·s³o­Ó·s®Ö¤ß¡C¥¦À³¸Ó¦³§A¦b©¹«á³¡¥÷©Ò »Ý ­nªº©Ò¦³¥\¯à¡C [ ¦pªG§A¬O devfs ªº¨Ï¥ÎªÌ¡A§A´N¤£»Ý­n²z·|¥H¤U¤â°Ê³]©w device files ªº ¨B ÆJ¡A¦]¬° devfs ·|¬°§A¿ì²z¤@¤Áªº¨Æ±¡¡C] ¶i¤J /dev ¥Ø¿ýµM«áÀˬd¤@¤U§A¦³¨S¦³ loopback devices¡C 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shell> ./MAKEDEV sg ¥­¦æ°ðªº¥úºÐ¿N¿ý¾¹ ¯u¹ï¤£°_¡A§Ú¨S¦³³o¤è­±ªº¸Ñ¨M¤è®×¡C ½Ð¬Ý [6] http://www.torque.net/parport/paride.html ©Î§A¥»°ÏªºÀÉ ®×/usr/src/linux/Documentation/paride.txt. 2.3 ¨ú±o³nÅé¨Ó¿N¿ý¥úºÐ §A¥i¥H¦b³oùاä¨ì¤@¨t¦C¿N¿ý¥úºÐªº³n¥ó [7] http://www.fokus.gmd.de/research/cc/glone/employees/joerg.schilling/pr ivate/cdb.html.The CD building project for UNIX ©R¥O¦C¤u¨ã §A»Ý­n¥H¤Uµ{¦¡¥]¤§¤¤¥ô¾Ü¨ä¤@¨Ó²£¥Í¥úºÐ­ì«¬¡G [8]ftp://tsx-11.mit.edu/pub/linux/packages/mkisofs/ (mkisofs) [9]ftp://ftp.ge.ucl.ac.uk/pub/mkhfs (mkhybrid) µø§Aªº¥úºÐ¿N¿ý¾¹«¬¸¹¦Ó©w¡A§A»Ý­n¥H¤U¨ä¤¤¤§¤@­Óµ{¦¡¨Ó±N¥úºÐ­ì«¬¼g¤J¡G [10]ftp://ftp.fokus.gmd.de/pub/unix/cdrecord/ (cdrecord) ¤d¸U¤£­n¬Û«Hmkisofs ªº»¡©úÀÉ¡A¥¦»¡§A»Ý­n cdwrite ª©¥» 1.5 ¡A§A¥u»Ý­n cdrecord ´N¦n¤F¡Cª`·N¡Gcdrecord ©Ò¥]¬Aªº mkiosfs ¦³¤@¨Çªþ¥[ªº¥\¯à¡E Graphical user interfaces (optional) Front-ends ¦b Linux ¤¤¯uªº¥u¬O front-ends¡C§Y¬O§A¤´µM»Ý­n¦w¸Ë©R¥O¦C¤u ¨ã¡A ¤£¹L§A¥i¥H¥Î¤@­Ó¸û¦nªº¤¶­±¦Ó¤w¡C X-CD-Roast ¬O¤@­Ó¦b Linux ¤U®e©ö¿N¿ý¥úºÐªºµ{¦¡¶°¡C¥¦µ²¦X¤F 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(Roman emperor Nero about burning his own classic-CDs, AD64. He misunderstood it completely.) ¦b Linux ¤U¿N¿ý¥úºÐ¦³¥H¤U¨â­Ó¨BÆJ¡G * ±N©Ò»Ýªº¸êͨ ( ÀɮסA­µ¼Ö©Î¥þ³¡ ) ¥]¸Ë¦¨¤@¨Ç¯S§O®æ¦¡ªºÀɮסC * ¥Îcdrecord ±N³o¨ÇÀÉ®×¼g¤J¥úºÐ¤¤¡C ³o¤@³¹·|¸ÔºÉÁ¿¸Ñ¿N¿ý¸ê®Æ¤Î­µ¼Ö¥úºÐªº¨BÆJ¡C 3.1 ¿N¿ý¥úºÐ¤ù (¯Â¸ê®Æ) ½Ð¯d·N¡A¥Ñ©ó¦¬¶°³n¥ó©Ò»Ýªº®É¶¡Á`·|¤ñ¹w­p¤¤ªºªø¡A¬G¦¹¦³¤@­Ó»Ý­n¦Ò¼{ªº °ÝÃD¡A«K¬O«á´Á¤~§ä¨ìªºÀɮפ£¯à¼g¤J­ì¥ý¿N¿ý¹L©Î¤w§¹¦¨¿N¿ýªº¥úºÐ¡C ÁÙ­nºò°O¥úºÐ¤¤¦³¤@©w®e¶qªºªÅ ¶¡·|¥Î§@Àx¦sISO-9660-Àɮרt²Îªº¸ê®Æ¡A³q ±`·|¥Î¤W¼ÆMB¡A©Ò¥H¤@°¦650MBªº ¥úºÐ¡A¹ê»Ú¤W¥u¦³¬ù620MB¥i¥Î¡C «Ø¥ß¥úºÐ¼v¹³ÀÉ ¥ô¦ó¤@ºØÀx¦s´CÅé¡A¤£½×³n¤ù¡AµwºÐ¡A§í©Î¥úºÐ¡A¦b¨Ï¥Î«e³£¥²¶·¥ý«Ø¥ß ÀÉ®× ¨t²Î¡A¦bDOS¦Ó¨¥§Y®æ¦¡¤Æ¡A¨Ï¨ä¾Ö¦³¤@­ÓÀɮרt²Î¡C³o­ÓÀɮרt²Î ±N·|¥Î§@²Õ ´¤Î¦X¨ÖÀx¦s´CÅé¤WªºÀɮסC ¤@¯ë¥Î¨Ó®æ¦¡¤ÆµwºÐ¾÷¤À³Î°Ïªº¤u¨ã³£·|¥ý¼g¤J¤@­ÓªÅªºÀɮרt²Î¨ìµwºÐ¤À³Î°Ï ¤¤¡A µM«á¥¦«K·|³Q±¾¤W©M¦b¨Ï¥ÎªÌ¦³»Ýªº®É¤~§Û¼gÀɮצb¨ä¤¤¡C¤£¹L¤@°¦¥i¿N ¿ý¥úºÐ¥u¯à ¼g¤J¤@¦¸¡A¦pªG§Ú­Ì¼g¤J¤@­ÓªÅªºÀɮרt²Î¡A¥¦´N·|³Q®æ¦¡¤Æ ¢w ¤£¹L¥¦¥Ã»·³£·|¬O ¤@°¦ªÅªº¥úºÐ¡C¥i­«¼gªº¥úºÐ³£¬O¤@¼Ëªº¡A¦]¬°§A¤£¯à§ïÅÜ arbritary sectors ¡A¤£ ¹L§A¥i¥H®ø°£¾ã°¦¥úºÐªº¤º®e¡C ©Ò¥H§Ú­Ì»Ý­n¤@­Ó¤u¨ã¯à°÷¤@Ãä§Û¼gÀɮפ@Ãä«Ø¥ßÀɮרt²Î¦b ¥úºÐ¤¤¡E³o¤u¨ã ¥s°µ mkisofs¡E¥H¤U´N¬O³o¤u¨ãªº¨Ï¥Î ¨Ò¤l¡G mkisofs -r -o cd_image private_collection/ `---------' `-----------------' | | ¼g¤J¦Ü ¥H³o­Ó¥Ø¿ý°µ¿é¤J '-r' ¿ï¶µ³]©w©Ò¦³¦b¥úºÐ¤¤ªºÀɮ׬°¤½²³¥iŪ©M¶}±Ò Rock Ridge ©µ¦ù¡C ³o¬O «Ü¦h¤H·Q­nªºªF¦è¤£¹L¨Ï¥Î«e§A¥²¶·ªÖ©wª¾¹D§A¦Û¤v¦b°µ¤°»ò¡C (´£¥Ü¡G¨S¦³ '-r' ¿ï¶µªº¸Ü¨º­Ó mount-point ´N·|Åܦ¨ private_collection!)¡C mkisofs ·|¹Á¸Õ±N©Ò¦³ÀɮתºÂର DOS ªº8.3®æ¦¡¥H½T«O³Ì°ªªº­Ý®e©Ê¡C ­Y¹J ¤W©R¦W½Ä¬ð (¤£¦PÀɮצ³¬Û¦Pªº¦WºÙ)¡A³o®É´N·|¦bÀɮפ¤¨Ï¥Î¼Æ¦r¦Ó¦³Ãö¸ÓÀÉ ®×ªº¸ê®Æ´N·|¦b STDERR (³q±`³£¬O¿Ã¹õ) ¤¤Åã¥Ü¡C ¤£­n¾á¤ß¡G¦b Linux ¤¤§A ¥Ã»· ¤£·|¬Ý¨ì 8.3 ®æ¦¡ªºÀɮצ]¬° Linux ·|¨Ï¥Î Rock Ridge ©µ¦ù¦Ó©Ò¦³ÀÉ ®×ªº¸ê®Æ³£ ·|¦b Rock Ridge ©µ¦ù¤¤ (¨Ï¥ÎÅv­­¡AÀɮצWºÙ¡Aµ¥µ¥)¡C ¨ì²{¦b§A¥i¯à·|°Ý¬°¤°»ò mkisofs ªº¿é¥X¤£ª½±µ¼g¤J¥i¼g¥úºÐ¾÷¤¤¡C³o¦³ ¨â­Ó ­ì¦]¡G * mkisofs ¤£¾å±o«ç¼ËÅX°Ê¥i¼g¥úºÐ¡C * §A¥i¯à»Ý­n¦b¿N¿ý«e´ú¸Õ¤@¤U¼v¹³ÀÉ¡C * ¦bºCªº¾÷¾¹¤¤¥¦·|¥i¾a¨Ç (¬Ý³¹¸` 4.). ·|¦b¤U­±Á¿­z«ç¼Ë¿N¿ý¤@°¦¥úºÐ¡C ¦³¨Ç¤H¥i¯à·|·Q¤£¦p«Ø¥ß¤@­Ó¿W¥ßªº¤À³Î°Ï¨Ó¼g¤J¼v¹³¥H¥N´ÀÀɮסC §Ú¨Ã¤£ÃÙ ¦P³o¦P¤èªk¦]¬°¦pªG§A¼g¤J¨ì¿ù»~ªº¤À³Î°Ï(¥Ñ¥´¦r¿ù»~©Ò³y¦¨)ªº¸Ü ¡A§A«K·| ¿ò¥¢¾ã­Ó Linux ¨t²Î (§Ú´N¸Õ¹L³o±¡ªp)¡C¦AªÌ¡A³o¼Ë°µ·|³y¦¨ºÏºÐ ªÅ¶¡®ö¶O ¦]¬°¥úºÐ¼v¹³¬O¤@ºØ¼È®É©Êªº¸ê®Æ¡A·í¥¦³Q¿N¿ý¨ì¥úºÐ«á¥¦«K¥i¥H§R °£¡C¤£¹L ¥ÎµwºÐ¤À³Î°Ï¥i¥H¸`¬Ù§A§R°£¤@­Ó 650 MB Àɮתº®É¶¡¡C (¤£¹L¦pªG §A¦³¤@­Ó ÃB¥~ªº¤À³Î°Ï¥i¥H¥O§A¸`¬Ù§R°£¼v¹³Àɪº®É¶¡¡C) ´ú¸Õ¥úºÐ¼v¹³ÀÉ Linux ¥i¥H¦n¦üºÏºÐ¤À³Î°Ï¯ë±NÀÉ®×±¾¤W¡C³o¬O¤@­Ó«Ü¦n¥Îªº¥\¯à¥¦¥i¥H¥Î¨Ó Àˬd¥Ø¿ý°t¸m©MÀɮרϥÎÅv­­¬O¤£¬O§A©Ò­n¨D¨º¼Ë¡CÁöµM²{¦bªº¥úºÐ«Ü«K©y¡A ¦ý¬O¿N¿ý¹Lµ{¨ÌµM¬O«Ü¶O®Éªº¡A©Ò¥H§A°_½X»Ý­n°µ¤@­Ó§Ö³tªº´ú¸Õ¡C ­n±N ¥úºÐ¼v¹³ÀÉ ±¾¤W /cdrom ¡A½Ð¥Î¥H¤Uªº«ü¥O mount -t iso9660 -o ro,loop=/dev/loop0 cd_image /cdrom §A²{¦b¥i¥H¦b /cdrom ©³¤UÀˬd¤U§AªºÀÉ®× ¢w ²{¦bªº¦ì¸m«K¬O¥¦ ­Ì¦b¯u¥¿¥ú ºÐ¤¤ªº¦ì¸m¡C­n¨ø°£¥úºÐ¼v¹³ÀÉ¡A§A¥u»Ý­n¥´ umount /cdrom ¡C(ĵ§i¡G¦pªG§A ¬O¨Ï¥Î Linux ®Ö¤ß 2.0.31 ©Î¥H«eªºª©¥»¡A§A´N¦³¥i¯à¬Ý¤£¨£ ³Ì«áªº´X­ÓÀÉ®× ¡C ½Ð¨Ï¥Î¸û·sªº®Ö¤ß¡C The option -pad for cdrecord applies to audio-CDs only and the optional option -pad for mkisofs requires a patch, which is as much work to apply than to upgrade to a bug-free Linux-kernel.) ª`·N: ¤ñ¸ûªº mount ¬O¤£¯à³B²z loopback-devices¡C¦pªG§A¬O¨Ï¥Îªº mount ªº¸Ü²{¦b¬O®É­Ô§ó·s§Aªº Linux ¤F¡C ¦³«Ü¦h¤H³£«Øij§Ú¼W¥[¤@¨ÇÃö©ó¦p¦ó¨ú±o³Ì·s mout ¤u¨ãªº¸ê®Æ ¦b³o¥÷ mini-HOWTO ¤¤¡C¦ý§Ú³£¤@¤@©Úµ´¡C¦p§x§Aªº Linux ®M¥ó ªþ°e¤Fª©¥»ªº mount¡G³ø§i³o¬O¤@­Ó¯äÂΡC¦pªG§Aªº §Aªº Linux ®M¥ó¬O¤£¯à»´©ö¤É¯Å¡A³ø §i³o¬O¤@­Ó¯äÂΡC ¦pªG§Ú±N©Ò¦³¦³Ãö«ç¼Ë§ó¥¿³]­p¤£¨} Linux ®M¥óªº¸ê®Æ¡A³o¥÷ mini-HOWTO ´N·|Åܱo«Üªø¤Î«ÜÃø¾\Ū¡C ¼g¤J¥úºÐ¼v¹³¨ì¥úºÐ¤¤ ¨S¦³¤Ó¦hªºªF¦è­n°µ¡C¦pªG§A¥¼¸Õ¹L³o­Ó«ü¥O¡A²{¦b¬O®É­Ô¸Õ¤U¸Õ¤F cdrecord -scanbus ³o­Ó«ü¥O·|§i¶D§A§Aªº¥i¼g¥úºÐ¾÷¬O±¾¦b¨º­Ó SCIS-device ¤¤¡C©Ò¦³ ¨ä¥Lªº¹Á ¸Õ¤èªk³£¤w¸g³Q§R°£ (¤×¨ä¬OÃö©ó generic SCSI devices ©R ¦W³W«h (naming scheme) ªº¦MÀI¤èªk)¡C ¤£¹L¦b¤¶²Ð³Ì«á¤@­Ó«ü¤µ«e¥ýÅý§Ú´£¿ô§A¥ó¨Æ¡A¦]¬°¥i¼g¤J¥úºÐ¾÷ªº½w ½Ä°Ï¬O «Ü¤Ö¡A©Ò¥H¥¦­n¨D©Ò¿é¤Jªº¸ê®Æ¬y¬O³sÄòªº¡C¥¿¦]¦p¦¹¡A¦b¿N¿ý ªº¹Lµ{¤¤¬O¤£ ¥i¤¤Â_ªº¡A§_«h·|¿N¿ý¥¢±Ñ¡C¦pªG§A§R°£¤@­Ó«Ü¤jªºÀÉ®× ´N·|«Ü®e©ö¤¤Â_¸ê®Æ ¬y¡C¨Ò¦p¡G§A§R°£¤@­Ó 650 MB ¤j¤pÀɮתº®É­Ô¡A ®Ö¤ß«K»Ý­n§ó·sµwºÐ¤j¬ù 650,000 ­Ó blocks (°²³]§AªºÀɮרt²Î¬O 1k ¤@­Ó block ªº¸Ü) ³o»Ý­n«Üªøªº ®É¶¡©M«Ü¥i¯à·|¥O¸ê®Æ¬y©µ¿ð´X ¬í¡C¤£¹L¡A¦pªG¦b¤@³¡«Ü§Öªº¹q¸£¤W¬Ý¹q¶l¡A ÂsÄýºô­¶©Î¬Æ¦Ü½sĶ®Ö¤ß ³£¤£·|¼vÅT¿N¿ýµ{§Ç¡C ½Ðª`·N¥@¤W¬O¨S¦³¤@­Ó¿N¿ý¾¹¥i¥H­«¸m¹p®gªº¦ì¸m©M¥¦¤£¯àªð¦^ ¨ü¤zÂZªºÂI¤W ¦A¦¸¶i¦æ¿N¿ý¡C©Ò¥H¦ó¥ôªº¾_°Ê©Î¼²À»³£¯à¨Ï§A¥¿ ¦b¿N¿ýªº¥úºÐ¨ü¨ì¯}Ãa¡C ¦pªG§A·Ç³Æ¦nªº¸Ü¡A§A¥i¥H¤U¥H¤Uªº«ü¤µ¡G shell> SCSI_BUS=0 # taken from listing 1 "scsibus0:" shell> SCSI_ID=6 # taken from listing 1 "TOSHIBA XM-3401" shell> SCSI_LUN=0 shell> cdrecord -v speed=2 dev=$SCSI_BUS,$SCSI_ID,$SCSI_LUN \ -data cd_image # ¦P¤W­±¤@¼Ë¡A¤£¹Lµu¨Ç¡G shell> cdrecord -v speed=2 dev=0,6,0 -data cd_image ¬°¤F¼W¥[¥iŪ©Ê¡A¥i¼g¤J¥úºÐ¾÷ªº¸ê°T³£Àx¦s¦b³o¤T­ÓÀô¹ÒÅܼƤ¤¡G SCSI_BUS, SCSI_ID, SCSI_LUN¡C¦Ó¿ï¶µ -data «h¬O¥Î¨Ó¿N¿ý¸ê®Æ¥ú ºÐ¥Îªº¡C ¦pªG§A¬O¨Ï¥Î cdrecord ¨ÓÂмg CD-RW¡A§A¤@©w­n¥Î "blank= . . ." ¨Ó§R°£©Ò ¦³Â¦³¤º®e¡C½Ð¬Ý man-page ¨Ó¾Ç²ß¦³¤°»ò¤èªk¨Ó²M°£©Ò¦³ CD-RW ªº©Ò¦³¤º®e ¡C ¦pªG§A¦³¤@³¡ 400 Mhz ¹q¸£¡A§A¥i¥H±N mkisofs ªº¿é¥Xª½±µ¿é¥X¦Ü cdrecord ¤¤¡G shell> IMG_SIZE=`mkisofs -R -q -print-size private_collection/` shell> mkisofs -r private_collection/ \ |cdrecord speed=2 dev=0,6,0 tsize=${IMG_SIZE}s -data - # don't forget the s --^ ^-- read data from STDIN ²Ä¤@­Ó«ü¥O¥u¬O¥Î¨ÓÀˬd¤@¤U¥úºÐ¼v¹³ªº¤º®e¨Ã¨S¦³¹ê½è¥Î³~ (§A»Ý­n¥Î cdrecord-distribution ¤¤ªº mkisofs ¤~¥i¨Ï¥Î³o­Ó«ü¥O)¡C§Aªº¥i¼g¤J ¥úºÐ ¥i¯à¤£»Ý­nª¾¹D¥úºÐ¼v¹³Àɪº¤j¤p¡A³o¼Ë§A«K¤£»Ý­n¤U³o­Ó«ü¥O¡C¿é ¥Xªº¤j¤p ¥²»Ý¥Î tsize-parameter ¨Ó¶Ç»¼µ¹ cdrecord¡C (³o­Ó¼Æ¦r¬OÀx ¦s IMG_SIZE ³o­ÓÀô¹ÒÅܼƤ¤)¡C³Ì«áªº«ü¥O¬O¥Î pipe ¨Ó¦ê³s mkisofs ©M cdrecord ³o¨â­Ó «ü¥O¡C 3.2 ¿N¿ý­µ¼Ö¥úºÐ ­n¿N¿ý¤@°¦­µ¼Ö¥úºÐªº¨BÆJ»P¿N¿ý¸ê®Æ¥úºÐªº¨BÆJ³£¤j¦P¤p²§¡C ³Ì¥D­nªº¤G­Ó ¤À§O¤§¤@¬O­µ¼Ö¥úºÐ¥]§t­µ­y¡A¦Ó³o¨Ç­µ­y¥²»Ý²Õ´¦¨ ¿W¥ßªº¼v¹³¡C©Ò¥H¦pªG §A·Q¿N¿ý¤Q±ø­µ­yªº¸Ü¡A§A´N­n«Ø¥ß¤Q­Ó¼v¹³ ÀÉ¡C¥t¤@­Ó¤À§O¬O¥úºÐ¼v¹³ªº®æ ¦¡¤£¬O ISO-9660 (©ÎªÌ§A·Q­nªº®æ©Î)¡A ¤£¹L¥¦¬O "16 bit stereo samples in PCM coding at 44100 samples/second (44,1 kHz)". ¨ä¤¤¤@­Ó³n¥ó¥s°µ sox ¥¦¥i¥H±N­µ¼ÖÀÉ®×Âର©Ò»Ýªº®æ¦¡¡C ¥¦ªº¥Îªk¬O«Ü²³æ ª½±µ¡G shell> sox killing-my-software.wav killing-my-software.cdr ³o­Ó«ü¥O·|±N killing-my-software ³o­ººq¥Ñ WAV ®æ¦¡Âର CDR ®æ¦¡¡C ½Ð¬Ý man-page ¨Ó¨ú±o§ó¦h¦³Ãö sox ©Ò½T»{ªº®æ¦¡¤Î©µ¦ùÀɦW¡C¦]¬°ÂàÅÜ ¹Lµ{»Ý­n ¯Ó¥ÎµwºÐªÅ¶¡¡A©Ò¥H cdrecord ¤w¤º«Ø¤ä´© WAV ©M AU ®æ¦¡¤F¡C ©Ò¥H¦pªG§Aªº ­µ¼ÖÀɮצ³ .wav ©Î .au (and the samplerate "stereo, 16 bit, 44,1 kHz") ©µ¦ùªº¸Ü¡A§A«K¤£»Ý­n°µ¤H¤âÂà´«¡C ¦pªG§A¦³¥Î -audio ¿ï¶µ¡Acdrecord ´N·|±N¼v¹³ÀÉ¿N¿ý¦¨­µ­y¡C¦Ó¨ä¥Lªº¿ï¶µ ´N¦p¦P¿N¿ý¤@¯ë¸ê®Æ¤@¼Ë (°£«D§A¦³«D¯S§Oªº­n¨D)¡C¥H¤U¤T­Ó«ü¥O³£¬O¬Û¦Pªº ¤£ ¹L¥¦­ÌŪ¨ú¤£¦P­µ¼ÖÀɮ׮榡¡G shell> cdrecord -v speed=2 dev=0,6,0 -audio track1.cdr track2.cdr... shell> cdrecord -v speed=2 dev=0,6,0 -audio track1.wav track2.wav... shell> cdrecord -v speed=2 dev=0,6,0 -audio track1.au track2.au... ¨ä¤¤¤@­Ó¯S§O¨Ò¤l¬O MPEG-3 ÀɮסA¥¦¥i¥H¥Î "mpg123 -s track1.mp3 > track.cdr" ¨ÓÂà´«¦¨©Ò»Ý­nªº®æ¦¡¡C¥t¤@­Ó¤èªk¬O¥Î "8hz-mp3" ¨ÓÂà´«¦¨ WAV Àɮ׮榡¡C ¦pªG§A²{¦b¿N¿ý­µ¼Ö¥úºÐªº¸Ü¡A§A·|µo²{­µ­y¤§¶¡·|¦³ 2 ¬íªº©µ¿ð¡C ¦pªG§Aªº ¥i¼g¤J¥úºÐ¾÷¤ä´© "disc at once" (DAO) ªº¸Ü¡A§A¥i¥H¹Á¸Õ¥Î³Ì·sªº cdrecord ¨Ó¸Ñ¨M¦¹¤@°ÝÃD¡C 3.3 ²V¦X¦¡¥úºÐ ¨S¦³¤Ó¦h­n»¡¡C¥u¥Ü½d¤F«ç¼Ë²V¦X¨Ï¥Î -data¡@©M¡@-audio ¿ï¶µ¥H¹F¨ì¿N¿ý²V ¦X¥úºÐ¡G cdrecord -v dev=0,6,0 -data cd_image -audio track*.cdr 4. ±`°Ý°ÝÃD¤Îµª®× 4.1 "¿N¿ýµ{§Ç¦³¦h±Ó·P" µª®×¡G³o´N­n¬Ý§Aªº¿N¿ý¾¹¤F¡C³q±`¸û·sªº«¬¸¹³£·|¦³ 1MB ©Î§ó¦h¡A³o¼Ë¥¦«K ¥i¥H ¤ä«ù 1-2 ¬í¨S¦³¸ê®Æ¡C¦pªG§A·Q±o¨ì§ó¦hªº¸ê®Æ§A¥i¥H°Ý¥Í²£°Ó©Î¬Ý¬Ýµw Åé¤â¥U¡C ¤£ºÞ¨º¨Ç¸ê®Æ½w½Ä¾¹ªº¤j¤p¦p¦ó§A³£»Ý­n«OÃÒ¤@­Óªø®É¶¡ 300 kb/s ©Î 600 kb/s ªº¸g±` ¿é¥X¡C ¤@¨ÇµwºÐ±K¶°ªº¤u§@¨Ò¦p§ó·s locate-¸ê®Æ®w¡C ´î§C maxium flow rate ´NªÖ ©w·|·lÃa§Aªº¥úºÐ¡F§A³Ì¦n¦b¿N¿ý¥úºÐ«e¥Î cron¡A at ©Î anacron ¨ÓÀˬd¤@¤U §A¦³§_°õ¦æ³o¨Ç¤u§@¡C ¥t¤@¤è­±¡A¦³¨Ç¤H»¡¥L­Ì¯à¤@­±½sĶ®Ö¤ß¤@­±¿N¿ý¥úºÐ³£¨S¦³¥ô¦ó°ÝÃD¡C ªº½T §A­n¤@³¡«Ü§Öªº¾÷¾¹¤~¯à°µ³o­Ó¹êÅç¡C 4.2 "fragmentation ·|§_¼vÅT¿é¥X©O¡H" Fragmentation ³q±`³£¤£·|¼vÅT¿é¥X¡C¤£¹L§A¥i¥H«Ü®e©ö¨î³y pathological cases of fragmentation ¨Ó´î§C§AªºµwºÐ¿é¥X¤j¬ù 100 kbyte/second¡C©Ò¥H¤d ¸U¤£­n³o¼Ë°µ¡C:-) ¬Oªº¡A§AªºµwºÐ·| fragmented ¸g¹L¸g¦~ªº¨Ï¥Î¡C¦pªG¶V§Öfragmented¡A¨ºÀÉ®× ¨t²Î«K¶V º¡¡C¸g±`«O«ù 10% ©Î 20% ªºªÅ¶¡¡A³o¼Ë¿N¿ý¥úºÐ«K¨S¦³°ÝÃD¤F¡C ¦pªG§A¤£ªÖ©wªº¸Ü§A¥i¥H¬Ý¬Ý±Ò°Ê®Éªº°T®§¡A§A´N¥i¥H¬Ý¨ì§AªºÀɮרt²Î¦³´X¦h ºÏºÐªÅ¶¡ fragmentation ªº¦Ê¥÷¤ñ¡C§A¥i¥H¥Î¤@­Ó«D±`¦MÀIªº«ü¥O shell> e2fsck -n /dev/sda5 # '-n' is important! [stuff deleted - ignore any errors] /dev/sda5: 73/12288 files (12.3% non-contiguous) ¦b³o­Ó½d¨Ò¤¤ºÏºÐªÅ¶¡¦ü¥G«D±`ÃP´² ¢w ¤£¹L³oùØ¥u¦³ 73 ­Ó«D±`¤pªºÀɮצb³o ­ÓÀɮרt²Î¤¤¡A©Ò¥H³o­Ó¥u¤£¹L¬O¤@­Ó«Ü¤Öªº­È¡C ²{¦b¦³¤@­Ó¹êÅç©Êªº¤u¨ã³n¥ó¥s°µ e2defrag ¥¦¥i¥H¥Î¨Ó defragment extended-2 Àɮרt²Î¡C¤£¹L²{¦bªºª©¥»¦b¨p¤HÀô¹Ò¤¤ÁÙ¬O¤£°÷í©w¡C¦pªG§A¯u ·Q defragment §A ªºÀɮרt²Î¡A½Ð¥ý³Æ¥÷ (³Ì¦n¡G¨â¥÷)¡A¹Á¸Õ restore ³Æ¥÷ ¡AµM«á«Ø¥ß¤@­Ó·sªºÀɮרt ²Î (·|¯}Ãa¦³ªº) ³Ì«á¦A restore ³Æ¥÷¡CÁ`¤§³o ¬O³Ì¦w¥þªº§Þ¥©¡C 4.3 "¬O§_¥i¥H±N¥úºÐ¼v¹³ÀÉÀx¦s¦b UMSDOS Àɮרt²Î¤¤©O¡H " ¥i¥H¡C¥u¦³¤@­ÓÀɮרt²Î¬O¤£¯à¥i¾a©M§Ö³t¨Ó¿N¿ý¥úºÐªº¡A³o´N¬O network filesystem (NFS)¡C §Ú²{¦b¬O¦b¤@³¡ (486/66) PC ¤¤¨Ï¥Î UMSDOS ¨ÓÅýLinux ©M DOS/Win ¦@¨ÉºÏºÐ ªÅ¶¡¡A¦Ó³o³¡ 486 ¬O±Mªù¨Ó¿N¿ý¥úºÐ¥Îªº¡C 4.4 "¦³µL¤èªk¥i¥H§JªA iso9660 ªº­­¨î¡H" ¥i¥H¡C§A¥i¥H¥Î¥ô¦ó¤@­ÓÀɮרt²Î¨Ó¿N¿ý¥úºÐ¡C¤£¹L§A¤£¯à¦b¨ä¥Lªº¾Þ§@¨t²Î¤¤ ¨Ï ¥Î³o°¦¥úºÐ¡C ¥Î³o­Ó¤èªk´N¦æ¤F¡G * «Ø¥ß¤@­Ó 650 MB ªºªÅÀɮסC dd if=/dev/zero of="empty_file" bs=1024k count=650 * µM«á«Ø¥ß¤@­Óextended-2 Àɮרt²Î¦b³o­ÓÀɮפ§¤W bash> /sbin/mke2fs empty_file empty_file is not a block special device. Proceed anyway? (y,n) y * ¥Îloopback-devices ¨Ó±¾¤W³o­ÓÀÉ®× mount -t ext2 -o loop=/dev/loop1 empty_file /mnt * §Û¼g¤@¨ÇÀɮרì /mnt µM«á¨ø°£¡C * ¥Î cdwrite ©Î cdrecord ¨Ó¬Ý¬Ý³o­ÓÀÉ®× ( ¥¦²{¦b¸Ó¤£¬OªÅªº ) ¬O¤£¬O iso9660-¼v¹³¡C ¦p§x§A·Q¦b/etc/fstab ¥[¤@­Ó¥X¤J¤fµ¹¨º°¦¥úºÐªº¸Ü¡A§A«K»Ý­n¨ú®ø¹ï¨º°¦¥ú ºÐªºÀˬd¡A¨Ò¦p¡G /dev/cdrom /cdrom ext2 defaults,ro 0 0 ²Ä¤@­Ó¹s¥Nªí "¤£­n¥]§t¦b dumps" ¡A²Ä¤G­Ó¹s¥Nªí "¦b±Ò°Ê®É¤£­nÀË¿ù»~" ( fsck ±N¤£·|Àˬd¥úºÐ¤ºªº¿ù³B ) ¡C 4.5 "«ç¼ËŪ¨ú¤Î¼g¤J­µ¼Ö¥úºÐ¡H" ²{¦b¦³¦h­Ó³n¥ó¡C³Ì·sªº¥s§@ "cdpranoia" ¥¦¥i¥H¦b¥H¤U¦a¤è¤U¸ü [13]http://www.mit.edu/afs/sipb/user/xiphmont/cdparanoia/index.html ©ÎªÌ§A¥i¥H¹Á¸Õ "cdda2wav" ©M "sox" ªº²Õ¦X¡A¥i¥H¦b sunsite ©M¥¦ªº mirror ¤¤¨ú±o [14] ftp://sunsite.unc.edu/pub/Linux/apps/sound/cdrom/cdda2wav0.71.src.t ar.gz [15] ftp://sunsite.unc.edu/pub/Linux/apps/sound/convert/sox-11gamma-cb3. tar.gz cdda2wav ¥O§A¥i¥H¥Ñ¥úºÐ¤¤§ì¨ú¨ì¤@¬q¯S©wªº(©Î¤@¾ã±ø)­µ­yµM«á¥i¥H ±N¥¦Âà ¬° .wav ÀɮסC sox ¥i¥H±N wav ÀÉ®×Âà¦^­µ¼Ö¥úºÐªºcdda ®æ¦¡¡A µM«á¥i¥H¥Î cdwrite ±N¥¦¿N¿ý¦b¥úºÐ¤W¡C ¦pªG§A¬O¨Ï¥Î³Ì·sª©¥»ªºcdrecord ¡A§A«K¤£»Ý­n ¨Ï¥Î sox ¦]¬° cdrecord ¤w¤º¸m¤ä´© .au ©M .wav ÀɮסC 4.6 "±Ò°Ê¨t²Î«á«ç¼Ë§ä´MSCSI-devices?" drivers/scsi/scsi.c ¦³©Ò»Ý­nªº¸ê®Æ¡C /* * Usage: echo "scsi add-single-device 0 1 2 3" >/proc/scsi/scsi * with "0 1 2 3" replaced by your "Host Channel Id Lun". * Consider this feature BETA. * CAUTION: This is not for hotplugging your peripherals. As * SCSI was not designed for this you could damage your * hardware ! * However perhaps it is legal to switch on an * already connected device. It is perhaps not * guaranteed this device doesn't corrupt an ongoing data transfer. */ Please note that this should only be used if your add SCSI-devices at the end of the chain. Inserting new SCSI-devices into an existing chain disturbs the naming of devices (directory /dev) and may destroy the complete content of your harddisk. 4.7 "¥i¥H¶i¦æ¤@¹ï¤@ªº¥úºÐ½Æ»s¡H" ¥i¥H¡C¤£¹L§A­nª`·Nªº¬O¦pªG·íŪ¨ú¥úºÐ®É¦³¥ô¦óªº¿ù»~µo¥Í¡A³£¥i¯à¥OªW¼g¥¢ ±Ñ¡C ²Ä¤@­Ó±¡ªp¡G§A¦³¤@­Ó¥i¼g¥úºÐ¾÷©M¤@­Ó°ßŪ¥úºÐ¾÷¡C§A¥i¥H¥Î¥H¤Uªº«ü¥O cdwrite -v -D /dev/sgc --pad -b $(isosize /dev/scd0) /dev/scd0 or cdrecord -v dev=3,0 speed=2 -isosize /dev/scd0 §A¥i¥H±q/dev/scd0 Ū¨ú¸ê®Æ¬yµM«áª½±µ¸g¥Ñ/dev/sgc ¼g¤J¥úºÐ¤¤¡C ²Ä¤G­Ó±¡ªp¡G§A¨S¦³¥t¤@­Ó°ßŪ¥úºÐ¡C§A«K»Ý­n¥Î¥i¼g¥úºÐ¾÷¨ÓŪ¨ú¥úºÐ¡G dd if=/dev/scd0 of=cdimage bs=1c count=`isosize /dev/scd0` ³o­Ó«ü¥Oµ¥¦P©ó mkisofs ¡A©Ò¥H§A¥i¥H¥Î²Ä¤T³¹©Ò´£¤Îªº¤èªkÄ~Äò ¾l¤Uªº¤u§@ ¡C½Ðª`·N³o­Ó¤èªk¬O¤£¾A¥Î©ó­µ¼Ö¥úºÐ¡C 4.8 "Linux ¥i¤£¥i¥HŪ¨ú Joliet ¥úºÐ¡H" ¥i¥H¡C³Ì·sªº®Ö¤ß (2.0.36 ©M¥H«á) ¤w¤º¸m¤ä´© joliet ®æ¦¡¡C½Ð°OµÛ§A­n¦b /etc/fstab ¤¤¨Ï¥Î iso9660 ©M joliet ¨â­Ó¿ï¶µ¡C­n¨ú±o§ó¦h¸ê®Æ¡A§A¥i¥H¬Ý [16]http://www-plateau.cs.berkeley.edu/people/chaffee/joliet.html. 4.9 "«ç¼Ë¥Î¥i¼g¥úºÐ¾÷Ū¨ú¥úºÐ¡H" ´N¦p¦P§A¨Ï¥Î´¶³q°ßŪ¥úºÐ¾÷¤@¼Ë¡C¨S¦³¥ô¦óªº¯S§O¡Cª`·N§A­n¨Ï ¥Îscd-devices (°ßŪ¥úºÐ¾÷) ¨ÓŪ¨ú¥úºÐ¡C¥H¤U«K¬O¦b/etc/fstab ¤¤ªº½d¨Ò¡G /dev/scd0 /cdrom iso9660 ro,user,noauto 0 0 4.10 "«ç¼Ë©ñ¦h¨Ç¸ê®Æ¨ì¥úºÐ¤¤¡H" ¥Î bzip2 ¥H¨ú¥N¨ä¥LªºÀ£ÁY¾¹¦n¹³ gzip ©Î pkzip¡C³o·|¸`¬Ù30%ªººÏºÐªÅ¶¡¡C §A¥i¥H¦b¥H¤U¦a¤è¤U¸ü [17]http://www.muraroa.demon.co.uk/ Instead of writing a true audio-CD, you can optionally convert your wav-audio-files into mp3-audio-files and store them on a ISO-9660 filesystem as regular files. Usually MPEG III gives you a compression of 1:10. Of course, most CD-players are not able to read files... this is the drawback. On the other hand, why not running the music for your next party from harddisk? 18 Gbyte are enough for 3000-4000 titles. :-) A software MPEG III-encoder is available from [18]http://www.stud.ifi.uio.no/~larsi/other/8hz-mp3-cheng.tar.gz A MPEG III-player is available from [19]http://homepages.uni-tuebingen.de/student/michael.hipp/mpg123/ For recorded speech, you may want to try to reduce its size using shorten or "GSM lossy speech compression": [20]ftp://svr-ftp.eng.cam.ac.uk/pub/comp.speech/ [21]http://kbs.cs.tu-berlin.de/~jutta/toast.html 4.11 "How to make bootable CD-ROMs?" You must have an 1.44 MB bootable floppy-disk. Create an exact image of this floppy-disk by issuing the command dd if=/dev/fd0 of=boot.img bs=18k Place this floppy-image into the directory holding the collection of your files (or into a subdirectory of it, just as you like). Tell mkisofs about this file with the option '-b' and also use '-c'. For details read the file README.eltorito in the mkisofs-distribution. An interesting application for a custom bootable CD is as a virus-safe DOS- or Windows-system. It saves you the money for the harddisks (if you have a network and use samba to put the user-data on a fileserver). However, this is purely theoretical as nobody reported an actual recipe to me. Some details about the bootable RedHat CD-ROM is available from [22] http://www.channel1.com/users/rodsmith/rhjol-technical.html. 4.12 "How to make CD-ROMs writable somehow?" There is an overlay-filesystem available for Linux, which is mounted over the CD-ROM and intercepts all writing operations. New and modified files are stored elsewhere, but for the user it looks like the CD-ROM is modified. For more information, see [23] http://home.att.net/~artnaseef/ovlfs/ovlfs.html. If that is not enough for your needs: wait for the UDF-filesystem to be supported by Linux or help developing it (see [24] http://trylinux.com/projects/udf/. 4.13 "Is it possible to use several writers at once?" Yes. However, it has been only tested with two writers yet. And you need a kernel patch for more buffers in the SCSI-generic driver ( [25] ftp://ftp.fokus.gmd.de/pub/unix/cdrecord/alpha). 4.14 "Which media is the best?" The german computer magazine "c't" had a list of tips regarding the blank CD-Rs in their november 1996 issue: * "No-name" discs are generally not of highest quality and should better not be used. * If a recordable CD is defective, this is likely to apply to the whole batch (if you bought more than one at a time); maybe you are lucky and can at least use the first 500MB of such CD-Rs ... * Don't touch the CD-Rs at their shimmering side before writing. 5. °ÝÃD¸Ñ¨M Always remember, that you can still use corrupt CD-ROMs as coasters. :-) 5.1 ¦b Linux ¤U¤£¦æ ½Ð¥ýÀˬd§Aªº¥i¼g¥úºÐ¾÷¯à¤£¯à¦b¨ä¥L¾Þ§@¨t²Î¤¤¨Ï¥Î µM«áÀˬd¥H¤Uªº¨Æ±¡¡G * ±±¨î¾¹¯à§_½T»{§Aªº SCSI device? * ÅX°Êµ{¦¡¯à§_½T»{§Aªº¥i¼g¥úºÐ¾÷¡H * ¥i¤£¥i¥H¥Îªþ°eªº³n¥ó¿N¿ý¥úºÐ¡H ¦pªG§Aªº¥i¼g¤£¯à¦b¨ä¥Lªº¾Þ§@¨t²Î¤¤¨Ï¥Îªº¸Ü¡A«Ü¥i¯à§A¦³µw¥ó½Ä ¬ð©Î§A¶R ¤F¤@­ÓÃaªºµw¥ó¡C If it works under the other operating system and you use loadlin to boot Linux, then that is your problem. Loadlin makes a warm-boot with most of the hardware already initialized and that confuses the Linux-kernel. 5.2 Error-message: No read access for 'dev=2,0'. Under Linux, some versions of the C-library are incompatible (buggy), so that an application linked against one version will not work with another. An example for an error triggered by pre-compiled binaries is the following: [root@Blue /dev]# cdrecord -eject dev=2,0 cdrecord: No such file or directory. No read access for 'dev=2,0'. 5.3 ¥¦¤£¯à¦b DOS ¤@¨Ï¥Î ¹Á¸Õ¨Ï¥Î Linux ¡C¦b DOS ©³¤U¦w¸Ë¤Î³]©w SCSI ÅX°Êµ{¦¡¬O¤@¥ó«Ü§xÃøªº ¤u §@¡C Linux ¤]¤£¬O«Ü½ÆÂøªº¶Ü¡H«¢¡I 5.4 ¿N¿ý¹Lµ{¤¤¦³ SCSI ¿ù»~ ³q±`³o¨Ç¿ù»~³£¬O¥Ñ¥H¤Uªºª¬ªp©Ò°µ¦¨ªº * SCSI bus ¯Ê¥Fdis-/reconnect ¥\¯à * µw¥ó´²¼õ¤£¨¬ * µw¥ó·lÃa (À³¸Ó¥i¥H¥Î5.1. ªº¤èªk°»¬d) ¦b«Ü¦h±¡ªp¤U SCSI devices »Ý­n¥Ñ SCSI bus ¤¤ dis- and reconnect ¦Û¤v¡C ¦pªG¯Ê¤Ö³o­Ó¥\¯àªº¸Ü¡A¦³¨Ç¥i¼g¤J¥úºÐ¾÷¥i¯à¦b¶¿ý¥úºÐ®Éµo¥Í°ÝÃD¡C ¤×¨ä¬ONCR 53c7,8xx SCSI ÅX°Êµ{¦¡·|¹w³]®ø°£³o­Ó¥\¯à¡A§A³Ì¦n¥ýÀˬd¤@¤U¡G NCR53c7,8xx SCSI support [N/y/m/?] y always negotiate synchronous transfers [N/y/?] (NEW) n allow FAST-SCSI [10MHz] [N/y/?] (NEW) y allow DISCONNECT [N/y/?] (NEW) y 6. ¶ãÁ (³o¬q¤£Ä¶) Alan Brown Art Stone had the idea to put non-ISO-9660 filesystems on a CD Bartosz Maruszewski reported spelling mistakes Bernhard Gubanka noticed the need of a recent version of mount to utilize the loopback device Robert Doolittle good arguments for dropping cdwrite from the HOWTO Brian H. Toby polished the wording. Martin Schulze gave information about the cdwrite-mailinglist Dale Scheetz helped improving the section about creating the cdimage. Don H. Olive URL of the mkhybrid tool Erwin Zoer Gerald C Snyder tested writing of an ext2 CD-ROM (see 4.4) Janne Himanka pointer to kernel patch to read Joliet CD-ROMs Joerg Schilling information about cdrecord Jos van Geffen noted the problem in 4.9. Markus Dickebohm Jesper Pedersen Pierre Pfister helped to develop the recipe on 1:1 copies. Rick Cochran hint about dis-/reconnect disabled by default in the ncr driver Stephan Noy information and experience about writing audio-CDs Stephen Harris contributed hint about writing audio-CDs The Sheepy One suggested using defective CD-ROMs as coasters for drinks Martti.Rahkila@hut.fi Reported problem with pre-initialized writers when booting via loadlin. End of the Linux CD-Writing HOWTO References 1. http://www.fadden.com/cdrfaq/ 2. http://www.guug.de:8080/cgi-bin/winni/lsc.pl 3. http://www.guug.de/~winni/linux/ 4. ftp://ftp.fokus.gmd.de/pub/unix/cdrecord/alpha/ 5. http://www.torque.net/parport/parscsi.html 6. http://www.torque.net/parport/paride.html 7. http://www.fokus.gmd.de/research/cc/glone/employees/joerg.schilling/private/cdb.html 8. ftp://tsx-11.mit.edu/pub/linux/packages/mkisofs/ 9. ftp://ftp.ge.ucl.ac.uk/pub/mkhfs 10. ftp://ftp.fokus.gmd.de/pub/unix/cdrecord/ 11. http://www.fh-muenchen.de/home/ze/rz/services/projects/xcdroast/e_overview.html 12. http://sunsite.auc.dk/BurnIT/ 13. http://www.mit.edu/afs/sipb/user/xiphmont/cdparanoia/index.html 14. ftp://sunsite.unc.edu/pub/Linux/apps/sound/cdrom/cdda2wav0.71.src.tar.gz 15. ftp://sunsite.unc.edu/pub/Linux/apps/sound/convert/sox-11gamma-cb3.tar.gz 16. http://www-plateau.cs.berkeley.edu/people/chaffee/joliet.html 17. http://www.muraroa.demon.co.uk/ 18. http://www.stud.ifi.uio.no/~larsi/other/8hz-mp3-cheng.tar.gz 19. http://homepages.uni-tuebingen.de/student/michael.hipp/mpg123/ 20. ftp://svr-ftp.eng.cam.ac.uk/pub/comp.speech/ 21. http://kbs.cs.tu-berlin.de/~jutta/toast.html 22. http://www.channel1.com/users/rodsmith/rhjol-technical.html 23. http://home.att.net/~artnaseef/ovlfs/ovlfs.html 24. http://trylinux.com/projects/udf/ 25. ftp://ftp.fokus.gmd.de/pub/unix/cdrecord/alpha